Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume 2: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806
Joachim Whaley
Language: English
Pages: 772
ISBN: 2:00142124
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich, from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Going against the notion that this was a long period of decline, Joachim Whaley shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights, and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period.
The first single-author account of German history from the Reformation to the early nineteenth century since Hajo Holborn's study written in the 1950s, it also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. Whaley explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements, both Protestant and Catholic, and the Enlightenment for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Whaley explains the development of the Holy Roman Empire as an early modern polity and illuminates the evolution of the several hundred German territories within it. He gives a rich account of topics such as the Reformation, the Thirty Years War, Pietism and baroque Catholicism, the Aufklarung or German Enlightenment and the impact on the Empire and its territories of the French Revolution and Napoleon. It includes consideration of language, cultural aspects and religious and intellectual movements. Germany and the Holy Roman Empire engages with all the major debates among both German and English-speaking historians about early modern German history over the last sixty years and offers a striking new interpretation of this important period.
Volume II starts with the end of the Thirty Years War and extends to the dissolution of the Reich
Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany
Weimar: From Enlightenment to the Present
Tor! The Story of German Football
1766. See Köbler, Lexikon, 392, 717. 7 166 Consolidation and Crisis, 1705–1740 bank of the Rhine, by contrast, constructed at vast cost over the previous fifty years, proved largely effective and France was not able to wreak the kind of destruction on German territory that had characterized all previous confrontations.9 In general, it seems that the hostilities of 1734–5 did not revive the anti-French propaganda of the past: France clearly dominated the peace negotiations and the years.
Various Habsburg territories, the value was about 64,000 gulden. Wilson, Reich, 162–4. 12 Müller, Regensburger Reichstag, 139. 13 Müller, Regensburger Reichstag, 387–406. 14 Hattenhauer, Schuldenregulierung, 30. For this whole issue, see also Müller, Regensburger Reichstag, 407–27, and Blaich, Wirtschaftspolitik, 225–34. 22 Reconstruction and Resurgence, 1648–1705 three-year moratorium on capital repayments and a 75 per cent reduction of all accumulated interest due up to 17 May 1654, and a.
Forces pushed each other back and forth to no avail. Both sides incurred heavy losses of men, and in the German territories that formed the battlefields, there were substantial civilian casualties and continuing major damage to cities, towns, villages, and countryside. The French ravaged the town of Heidelberg for a second time in May 1693: this time, the city walls and earthworks were systematically dismantled, while a detachment of several hundred French soldiers set about turning the Elector’s.
Giving them imperial protection. In 1681, the Elector of Brandenburg was commissioned to station a small imperial garrison in Reformed Emden. Ten years later he refused to recognize a Cirksena-Guelf inheritance treaty, and in 1694, Leopold conferred the right of succession to East Frisia on the Elector of Brandenburg. The cumulative result of these imperial actions was to create a delicate balance of internal powers and of external interests with endless possibilities for future imperial.
On the way that it functioned as a polity.4 He himself did not contribute further to this field of study. In 1650, he moved from his professorship of natural philosophy to the chair of politics at Helmstedt, and until his death in 1681 he concentrated on the history of the various territories, rather than on the history of the Reich. He did not explicitly reject the superioritas of the emperor. On the other hand, his failure to produce a satisfactory explanation of the relationship between 1 2 3 4.